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Most cyberattacks require the user to do something to activate a malicious program, like click a link or open an attachment.

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A password manager can create and remember them for you.

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consider using a password generator or take the time to come up with unique passwords.

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update your system regularly and run quality antivirus software.be wary of clicking links and attachments.conduct distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks.ДЄs with most cyberattacks, protection from C&C attacks boils down to a combination of good digital hygiene and protective software.force one or more machines to shut down or constantly restart, disrupting operations.steal data by transferring or copying documents and information to their server.Once an attacker has control of a network or even a single machine within that network, they can: What Attackers Can Do Once They Have Control A program called ToxicEye, which is capable of stealing data and recording people without their knowledge via their computers, was found in 130 instances just this year. C&C is a way for attackers to get around safeguards aimed at IRC-based cyber threats.ДЄll the way back to 2017, hackers have been using apps like Telegram as command and control centers for malware. Random topology: Infected computers communicate as a peer-to-peer botnet (P2P botnet).ДЄttackers used internet relay chat (IRC) protocol for earlier cyberattacks, so itвЂ™s largely recognized and guarded against today.Hierarchical topology: Multiple C&C servers are organized into a tiered hierarchy of groups.Multi-server topology: Multiple C&C servers are used for redundancy.Star topology:В Bots are organized around one central server.Attackers can structure their C&C servers according to a few different structures or topologies: Today, the main server is often hosted in the cloud, but it used to be a physical server under the attackerвЂ™s direct control. Some of these attacks are designed to run in the background in perpetuity, as in the case of computers hijacked to mine cryptocurrency without the userвЂ™s knowledge. If a database is breached, large volumes of sensitive data can be stolen. Infrastructure systems like hospital databases or emergency response communications can be compromised. This kind of attack can be especially harmful in a company setting.

Eventually, these machines form a network or вЂњ botnetвЂќ controlled by the attacker. The infected machine then recruits other machines (either in the same network, or that it can communicate with) by infecting them. The computer becomes a вЂњbotвЂќ or a вЂњzombieвЂќ under the attackerвЂ™s control. The attacker can then take control of the infected device in much the same way that tech support staff might assume control of your computer while fixing a problem.

Once a device has been infected, it sends a signal back to the host server.

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Malware gets snuck past the firewall as something that looks benign-such as a seemingly legitimate software update, an urgent-sounding email telling you that thereвЂ™s a security breach, or an innocuous file attachment.

downloading infected software that looks legitimate.

vulnerabilities in certain browser plugins.

phishing emails with links to malicious websites or containing attachments loaded with malware.

How Does C&C Work?Д¬&C attacks start with the initial infection, which can happen through channels like:

The WannaCry ransomware attacks in 2017 did exactly that by infecting computers at critical institutions such as hospitals, locking them, and demanding a ransom in bitcoin.

Once the network is infected, an attacker can shut it down or encrypt the infected devices to lock users out. Once the malware executes itself on one machine, the C&C server can command it to duplicate and spread-which can happen easily, because itвЂ™s already gotten past the network firewall. This is when bad actors use a central server to covertly distribute malware to peopleвЂ™s machines, execute commands to the malicious program, and take control of a device.Д¬&C is an especially insidious method of attack because just one infected computer can take down an entire network. One popular method used by attackers to distribute and control malware is вЂњcommand and control,вЂќ which is also called C2 or C&C.